First transistor download6/13/2023 ![]() ![]() ![]() 21780 (AT&T Archives, Warren, NJ).īrattain, W. 18194 (AT&T Archives, Warren, NJ).īrattain, W. H., 1947a, “Evidence for surface states on semiconductors from change in contact potential on illumination,” Phys. Brattain, 1949, “Physical principles involved in transistor action,” Phys. Brattain, 1948b, “The transistor, a semi-conductor triode,” Phys. Brattain, 1948a, “Three-electrode circuit element utilizing semiconductive materials,” US Patent No. 77–99 edited and reprinted in Science 126, 105-112.īardeen, J., and W. 71, 717–727.īardeen, J., 1957, “Semiconductor research leading to the point-contact transistor,” in Les Prix Nobel en 1956, edited by K. 20780 (AT&T Archives, Warren, NJ).īardeen, J., 1947, “Surface states and rectification at a metal-semi-conductor contact,” Phys. ![]() This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.īardeen, J., 1936, “Theory of the work function II: the surface double layer,” Phys. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. The transistor has aptly been called the “nerve cell” of the Information Age. These solid-state electronic devices are what have put computers in our laps and on desktops and permitted them to communicate with each other over telephone networks around the globe. Emerging in 1947 from a Bell Telephone Laboratories program of basic research on the physics of solids, it began to replace vacuum tubes in the 1950s and eventually spawned the integrated circuit and microprocessor-the heart of a semiconductor industry now generating annual sales of more than $150 billion. Arguably the most important invention of the past century, the transistor is often cited as the exemplar of how scientific research can lead to useful commercial products. ![]()
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